Who holds the record?

Health Record Rights Index

Name: Health Record Rights Index
Creator: SuperTruth
Published: 2026-10-02
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

In 2026, none of the 198 countries we rated puts a person fully in charge of their own health record.

The highest scores are Finland (71), Denmark (70), Estonia (68), Hungary (68) and Sweden (67); allowing for scoring error, any of them could rank first. The median is 39. No country reaches the Leading band (85 and up). By band, 9 rate Strong, 66 Mixed, 111 Weak and 12 Poor. Everywhere, the state or providers run the system that holds the record (51 Shared, 81 Institutional, 66 State).

Version 1.0 · published 2 October 2026 · data as of 2026-10-02 · research 30 Sep to 2 Oct 2026

Poor 0-24 · 12
Weak 25-44 · 111
Mixed 45-64 · 66
Strong 65-84 · 9
Leading 85-100 · 0
Not rated 8

Europe, same bands. 57 of 198 rated countries.

Drag to turn. Click a country.

Ranking

Finland, Denmark, Estonia, Hungary and Sweden lead; allowing for scoring error, any of them could rank first. Of 198 countries, 9 score 65 or more (Strong or better), and 123 score under 45 (Weak or worse).

Rank			Likely rank		DTI grade	446 since 2024-10
1	Finland	71	1 to 6	Europe · Shared	92 Platinum	5
2	Denmark	70	1 to 8	Europe · Shared	87 Gold	5
3=	Estonia	68	1 to 13	Europe · Shared	88 Gold	4
3=	Hungary	68	1 to 13	Europe · Shared	82 Gold	5
5	Sweden	67	1 to 17	Europe · Shared	89 Gold	5
6=	Australia	66	2 to 20	Oceania · Shared	81 Gold	5
6=	France	66	2 to 20	Europe · Shared	93 Platinum	5
6=	Norway	66	2 to 20	Europe · Shared	91 Platinum	5
9	Austria	65	3 to 23	Europe · Shared	91 Platinum	3
10	Portugal	64	3 to 26	Europe · Shared	93 Platinum	5
11=	Belgium	63	5 to 30	Europe · Shared	91 Platinum	4
11=	Germany	63	5 to 30	Europe · Shared	92 Platinum	5
11=	Italy	63	5 to 31	Europe · Shared	89 Gold	4
11=	Taiwan	63	5 to 32	Asia · Shared	83 Gold	3
11=	Turkey	63	4 to 29	Europe · Shared	86 Gold	4
16=	Iceland	62	5 to 32	Europe · Shared	90 Platinum	5
16=	Israel	62	6 to 34	Middle East · Shared	88 Gold	3
16=	Latvia	62	7 to 34	Europe · Shared	90 Platinum	5
16=	Singapore	62	6 to 34	Asia · Shared	88 Gold	4
16=	Slovenia	62	6 to 33	Europe · Shared	85 Gold	5
21=	Liechtenstein	61	7 to 35	Europe · Shared	88 Gold	0
21=	Spain	61	8 to 36	Europe · Shared	90 Platinum	4
23=	Croatia	60	9 to 38	Europe · Shared	88 Gold	4
23=	Lithuania	60	9 to 38	Europe · Shared	88 Gold	5
23=	Netherlands	60	11 to 40	Europe · Shared	91 Platinum	5
23=	South Korea	60	8 to 38	Asia · Shared	91 Platinum	5
27=	Bulgaria	59	11 to 40	Europe · Shared	87 Gold	4
27=	Luxembourg	59	12 to 42	Europe · Shared	89 Gold	1
27=	Malta	59	11 to 42	Europe · Shared	86 Gold	3
27=	Poland	59	12 to 42	Europe · Shared	88 Gold	5
27=	United Kingdom	59	11 to 41	Europe · Shared	90 Platinum	5
27=	Uruguay	59	13 to 42	Americas · Shared	90 Platinum	3
33	Slovakia	58	16 to 45	Europe · Shared	90 Platinum	3
34=	Andorra	57	16 to 45	Europe · Shared	91 Platinum	2
34=	Armenia	57	17 to 46	Europe · Shared	89 Gold	1
34=	Czechia	57	16 to 46	Europe · Shared	87 Gold	4
34=	Greece	57	17 to 46	Europe · State	86 Gold	5
38=	Japan	56	19 to 48	Asia · Shared	91 Platinum	5
38=	Romania	56	20 to 48	Europe · Shared	82 Gold	5
40=	Cyprus	55	24 to 51	Europe · State	90 Platinum	5
40=	San Marino	55	23 to 50	Europe · Shared	83 Gold	1
40=	Serbia	55	23 to 51	Europe · Shared	91 Platinum	1
40=	United Arab Emirates	55	23 to 54	Middle East · Shared	82 Gold	2
44=	Costa Rica	54	27 to 55	Americas · State	87 Gold	5
44=	Switzerland	54	28 to 57	Europe · Shared	89 Gold	4
46	Saudi Arabia	53	30 to 57	Middle East · State	85 Gold	3
47=	Brazil	52	33 to 61	Americas · State	86 Gold	4
47=	Canada	52	33 to 60	Americas · Shared	92 Platinum	5
47=	Thailand	52	36 to 64	Asia · Shared	88 Gold	5
50	Georgia	51	36 to 65	Europe · Shared	85 Gold	2
51=	Mongolia	50	41 to 71	Asia · Shared	88 Gold	3
51=	Qatar	50	40 to 72	Middle East · Institutional	79 Silver	1
53=	Kenya	49	43 to 74	Africa · Shared	88 Gold	4
53=	Ukraine	49	43 to 77	Europe · Shared	89 Gold	4
55=	Argentina	48	46 to 81	Americas · Shared	87 Gold	4
55=	Azerbaijan	48	46 to 82	Asia · State	87 Gold	3
55=	Kazakhstan	48	45 to 80	Asia · State	85 Gold	5
55=	New Zealand	48	46 to 82	Oceania · Shared	88 Gold	5
55=	United States	48	45 to 80	Americas · Institutional	91 Platinum	4
60=	Bahrain	47	47 to 85	Middle East · Institutional	82 Gold	2
60=	El Salvador	47	47 to 82	Americas · State	80 Gold	5
60=	Greenland	47	46 to 85	Europe · State	82 Gold	2
60=	Indonesia	47	48 to 84	Asia · State	90 Platinum	2
60=	Ireland	47	48 to 87	Europe · State	92 Platinum	4
60=	Kyrgyzstan	47	47 to 84	Asia · State	90 Platinum	2
60=	Vietnam	47	46 to 83	Asia · State	93 Platinum	5
67=	Belarus	46	49 to 88	Europe · State	89 Gold	3
67=	Oman	46	49 to 89	Middle East · State	86 Gold	0
67=	Tonga	46	50 to 89	Oceania · State	87 Gold	5
67=	Uzbekistan	46	51 to 92	Asia · State	84 Gold	3
71=	India	45	52 to 95	Asia · Shared	86 Gold	5
71=	Kuwait	45	53 to 94	Middle East · State	87 Gold	2
71=	North Macedonia	45	52 to 93	Europe · State	86 Gold	3
71=	Peru	45	53 to 96	Americas · Institutional	91 Platinum	4
71=	Russia	45	54 to 97	Europe · State	83 Gold	5
76=	Bosnia and Herzegovina	44	56 to 99	Europe · Institutional	89 Gold	3
76=	Montenegro	44	56 to 99	Europe · Institutional	88 Gold	5
76=	Panama	44	55 to 98	Americas · Institutional	86 Gold	2
76=	Rwanda	44	55 to 98	Africa · State	89 Gold	0
80=	Brunei	43	60 to 109	Asia · State	88 Gold	2
80=	China	43	59 to 106	Asia · State	88 Gold	7
80=	Colombia	43	58 to 103	Americas · State	84 Gold	4
80=	Ecuador	43	61 to 106	Americas · State	87 Gold	3
80=	Eswatini	43	59 to 106	Africa · Institutional	88 Gold	2
80=	Malaysia	43	60 to 107	Asia · Institutional	84 Gold	4
80=	Monaco	43	57 to 102	Europe · Institutional	88 Gold	1
80=	Seychelles	43	58 to 105	Africa · State	89 Gold	0
80=	South Africa	43	57 to 102	Africa · Institutional	89 Gold	2
89=	Mexico	42	63 to 110	Americas · Institutional	93 Platinum	5
89=	Nauru	42	60 to 113	Oceania · Institutional	83 Gold	0
91=	Albania	41	67 to 117	Europe · Institutional	86 Gold	3
91=	Jordan	41	67 to 117	Middle East · State	88 Gold	1
91=	Mauritius	41	70 to 119	Africa · State	92 Platinum	3
91=	Moldova	41	70 to 119	Europe · Institutional	84 Gold	2
91=	Tanzania	41	67 to 117	Africa · State	89 Gold	0
91=	Zambia	41	66 to 114	Africa · State	77 Silver	3
97=	Bhutan	40	71 to 123	Asia · State	90 Platinum	0
97=	Malawi	40	71 to 120	Africa · Institutional	89 Gold	1
99=	Bahamas	39	80 to 133	Americas · Institutional	87 Gold	1
99=	Botswana	39	74 to 128	Africa · Institutional	87 Gold	0
99=	Chile	39	75 to 127	Americas · Institutional	90 Platinum	4
99=	Philippines	39	77 to 130	Asia · Institutional	88 Gold	2
99=	Uganda	39	80 to 134	Africa · State	88 Gold	2
104=	Bangladesh	38	82 to 141	Asia · State	84 Gold	4
104=	Côte d'Ivoire	38	84 to 140	Africa · State	91 Platinum	0
104=	Ghana	38	82 to 137	Africa · State	83 Gold	5
104=	Maldives	38	85 to 141	Asia · Institutional	92 Platinum	2
104=	Zimbabwe	38	84 to 140	Africa · State	92 Platinum	1
109=	Barbados	37	85 to 142	Americas · Institutional	84 Gold	0
109=	Benin	37	89 to 148	Africa · Institutional	90 Platinum	0
109=	Ethiopia	37	85 to 143	Africa · State	86 Gold	0
109=	Jamaica	37	86 to 143	Americas · Institutional	92 Platinum	1
109=	Kosovo	37	84 to 141	Europe · Institutional	81 Gold	0
109=	Tunisia	37	87 to 143	Africa · Institutional	87 Gold	3
109=	Vatican City	37	85 to 142	Europe · Institutional	86 Gold	0
116=	Cape Verde	36	90 to 148	Africa · Institutional	86 Gold	1
116=	Gabon	36	89 to 149	Africa · Institutional	86 Gold	0
116=	Mali	36	94 to 155	Africa · Institutional	91 Platinum	0
116=	Morocco	36	90 to 149	Africa · Institutional	87 Gold	0
116=	The Gambia	36	93 to 154	Africa · Institutional	90 Platinum	0
121=	Algeria	35	97 to 157	Africa · State	87 Gold	1
121=	Angola	35	97 to 158	Africa · State	91 Platinum	1
121=	Burkina Faso	35	98 to 159	Africa · Institutional	90 Platinum	0
121=	Burundi	35	99 to 160	Africa · State	88 Gold	0
121=	Cuba	35	96 to 158	Americas · State	89 Gold	5
121=	Djibouti	35	97 to 157	Africa · State	90 Platinum	0
121=	Lesotho	35	96 to 157	Africa · Institutional	90 Platinum	2
121=	Mauritania	35	99 to 160	Africa · Institutional	89 Gold	0
121=	Niger	35	97 to 158	Africa · Institutional	88 Gold	0
121=	Nigeria	35	95 to 156	Africa · Institutional	92 Platinum	2
121=	Turkmenistan	35	99 to 160	Asia · State	88 Gold	2
132=	Belize	34	100 to 166	Americas · State	86 Gold	2
132=	Democratic Republic of the Congo	34	101 to 162	Africa · Institutional	90 Platinum	1
132=	Dominican Republic	34	99 to 160	Americas · Institutional	90 Platinum	3
132=	Guinea	34	102 to 162	Africa · Institutional	84 Gold	1
132=	Lebanon	34	102 to 163	Middle East · Institutional	88 Gold	1
132=	Madagascar	34	104 to 165	Africa · Institutional	94 Platinum	0
132=	Senegal	34	100 to 161	Africa · Institutional	89 Gold	4
132=	Somalia	34	102 to 162	Africa · Institutional	88 Gold	0
132=	Togo	34	105 to 166	Africa · Institutional	91 Platinum	0
132=	Vanuatu	34	101 to 163	Oceania · Institutional	91 Platinum	0
142=	Antigua and Barbuda	33	106 to 166	Americas · Institutional	88 Gold	3
142=	Central African Republic	33	111 to 170	Africa · Institutional	85 Gold	1
142=	Chad	33	108 to 168	Africa · Institutional	87 Gold	0
142=	Egypt	33	107 to 167	Middle East · State	83 Gold	3
142=	Mozambique	33	106 to 166	Africa · State	89 Gold	2
142=	Palau	33	108 to 169	Oceania · State	85 Gold	2
142=	Paraguay	33	106 to 166	Americas · Institutional	90 Platinum	3
142=	Republic of the Congo	33	106 to 167	Africa · Institutional	93 Platinum	0
142=	Suriname	33	109 to 169	Americas · Institutional	93 Platinum	0
151=	Comoros	32	113 to 172	Africa · Institutional	88 Gold	0
151=	Equatorial Guinea	32	113 to 173	Africa · State	77 Silver	1
151=	Guatemala	32	112 to 171	Americas · Institutional	88 Gold	2
151=	Nicaragua	32	116 to 174	Americas · State	88 Gold	4
151=	Saint Lucia	32	114 to 173	Americas · Institutional	86 Gold	0
151=	Sao Tome and Principe	32	116 to 174	Africa · Institutional	84 Gold	1
151=	Sri Lanka	32	116 to 174	Asia · Institutional	84 Gold	2
151=	Tajikistan	32	113 to 171	Asia · State	91 Platinum	0
159=	Cameroon	31	118 to 175	Africa · Institutional	89 Gold	1
159=	Nepal	31	119 to 176	Asia · Institutional	85 Gold	3
159=	Syria	31	123 to 177	Middle East · State	86 Gold	0
162=	Honduras	30	127 to 180	Americas · Institutional	88 Gold	2
162=	Iran	30	122 to 179	Middle East · State	86 Gold	4
162=	Saint Kitts and Nevis	30	127 to 180	Americas · Institutional	86 Gold	0
162=	Samoa	30	122 to 180	Oceania · State	90 Platinum	0
166=	Bolivia	29	134 to 184	Americas · Institutional	91 Platinum	1
166=	Fiji	29	133 to 183	Oceania · Institutional	84 Gold	1
166=	Guyana	29	131 to 182	Americas · State	91 Platinum	1
166=	Kiribati	29	134 to 183	Oceania · Institutional	83 Gold	0
166=	Laos	29	133 to 183	Asia · State	91 Platinum	0
166=	Trinidad and Tobago	29	132 to 182	Americas · Institutional	88 Gold	2
172=	Palestine	28	142 to 187	Middle East · State	83 Gold	1
172=	Timor-Leste	28	144 to 187	Asia · State	91 Platinum	2
172=	Venezuela	28	140 to 187	Americas · State	90 Platinum	3
175=	Iraq	27	149 to 189	Middle East · State	86 Gold	1
175=	Sierra Leone	27	153 to 191	Africa · Institutional	88 Gold	0
177=	Grenada	26	155 to 192	Americas · Institutional	87 Gold	0
177=	Liberia	26	154 to 191	Africa · Institutional	90 Platinum	1
177=	Namibia	26	157 to 192	Africa · Institutional	88 Gold	2
177=	Pakistan	26	156 to 192	Asia · Institutional	87 Gold	3
177=	Papua New Guinea	26	157 to 193	Oceania · Institutional	92 Platinum	0
177=	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	26	154 to 191	Americas · Institutional	83 Gold	0
183=	Cambodia	25	158 to 193	Asia · Institutional	84 Gold	0
183=	Micronesia	25	159 to 194	Oceania · State	86 Gold	1
183=	Solomon Islands	25	161 to 194	Oceania · Institutional	89 Gold	0
183=	South Sudan	25	161 to 194	Africa · Institutional	90 Platinum	0
187=	Dominica	24	167 to 196	Americas · Institutional	87 Gold	1
187=	Haiti	24	167 to 196	Americas · Institutional	82 Gold	3
189=	Libya	23	172 to 197	Africa · Institutional	91 Platinum	0
189=	Marshall Islands	23	170 to 196	Oceania · State	90 Platinum	0
189=	Tuvalu	23	169 to 196	Oceania · State	88 Gold	0
189=	Yemen	23	169 to 196	Middle East · Institutional	89 Gold	2
193=	Eritrea	22	176 to 197	Africa · State	85 Gold	0
193=	Myanmar	22	173 to 197	Asia · State	86 Gold	1
193=	Sudan	22	176 to 197	Africa · Institutional	87 Gold	1
196	Guinea-Bissau	21	180 to 198	Africa · Institutional	85 Gold	0
197	Afghanistan	20	183 to 198	Asia · State	87 Gold	0
198	North Korea	19	187 to 198	Asia · State	91 Platinum	1

Source: SuperTruth review of national laws, regulator and ministry pages and recent reporting, 30 Sep to 2 Oct 2026. 5147 sources cited (978 undated). Rubric v1, weights below. No country is rated low confidence.

Scores move in steps of about 5 points; read each rank with its likely range, and do not call two countries different when their ranges overlap. Stories are published accounts we found. Their counts show where people have spoken publicly, not how common problems are. Stories do not affect any score.

What people report

446 published accounts from 147 countries. Breach is the most common problem reported.

Our own short summaries of published reports from regulators, courts and the news, published October 2024 to October 2026. Each links to the original. They do not affect any score, and they are not a sample: counts show what is published and findable, not how common problems are.

Eight rights

The weakest rights worldwide: having a say over who sees your record and rules for AI used in your care. The typical country scores 30 of 100 on each.

We score eight rights, each from 0 to 100. Access to the record and control over it count most, 20% each. Across all 198 countries, the typical country, the one in the middle, scores highest on being asked before your record is used for research (46 of 100); on every one of the eight, the typical score is under 50.

Each dot is one country's score, 0 to 100, on the same scale in every column. The grey line is the median of all 198. Click a column name to sort by it.

Country	20% · med 43	20% · med 30	15% · med 45	15% · med 38	10% · med 45	10% · med 34	5% · med 46	5% · med 30
	050100	050100	050100	050100	050100	050100	050100	050100
Finland	Access 76	Control 74	Privacy 62	Journey 82	Commercial 68	Clinical 76	Research 58	AI 50
Denmark	Access 78	Control 70	Privacy 62	Journey 82	Commercial 58	Clinical 78	Research 49	AI 50
Estonia	Access 80	Control 68	Privacy 55	Journey 80	Commercial 58	Clinical 75	Research 50	AI 50
Hungary	Access 72	Control 72	Privacy 62	Journey 78	Commercial 55	Clinical 76	Research 47	AI 54
Sweden	Access 77	Control 72	Privacy 64	Journey 66	Commercial 60	Clinical 64	Research 49	AI 50
Australia	Access 70	Control 68	Privacy 62	Journey 70	Commercial 65	Clinical 66	Research 50	AI 55
France	Access 70	Control 68	Privacy 58	Journey 72	Commercial 66	Clinical 62	Research 60	AI 54
Norway	Access 68	Control 74	Privacy 62	Journey 66	Commercial 64	Clinical 68	Research 50	AI 50
Austria	Access 63	Control 72	Privacy 63	Journey 68	Commercial 66	Clinical 66	Research 49	AI 50
Portugal	Access 70	Control 70	Privacy 56	Journey 68	Commercial 62	Clinical 64	Research 48	AI 50
Belgium	Access 68	Control 72	Privacy 54	Journey 68	Commercial 54	Clinical 62	Research 49	AI 50
Germany	Access 64	Control 66	Privacy 58	Journey 66	Commercial 70	Clinical 62	Research 50	AI 50
Italy	Access 68	Control 72	Privacy 56	Journey 66	Commercial 60	Clinical 50	Research 50	AI 54
Taiwan	Access 68	Control 52	Privacy 50	Journey 72	Commercial 62	Clinical 78	Research 66	AI 58
Turkey	Access 74	Control 62	Privacy 50	Journey 80	Commercial 55	Clinical 64	Research 44	AI 50
Iceland	Access 62	Control 55	Privacy 62	Journey 76	Commercial 58	Clinical 74	Research 50	AI 50
Israel	Access 66	Control 50	Privacy 58	Journey 78	Commercial 56	Clinical 75	Research 49	AI 50
Latvia	Access 64	Control 62	Privacy 58	Journey 70	Commercial 55	Clinical 66	Research 50	AI 50
Singapore	Access 62	Control 58	Privacy 62	Journey 64	Commercial 62	Clinical 68	Research 50	AI 62
Slovenia	Access 66	Control 60	Privacy 62	Journey 66	Commercial 60	Clinical 68	Research 45	AI 50
Liechtenstein	Access 64	Control 74	Privacy 62	Journey 54	Commercial 54	Clinical 63	Research 42	AI 50
Spain	Access 66	Control 64	Privacy 56	Journey 64	Commercial 60	Clinical 60	Research 50	AI 50
Croatia	Access 62	Control 66	Privacy 52	Journey 68	Commercial 56	Clinical 64	Research 45	AI 50
Lithuania	Access 67	Control 62	Privacy 50	Journey 68	Commercial 54	Clinical 64	Research 48	AI 50
Netherlands	Access 55	Control 72	Privacy 52	Journey 60	Commercial 62	Clinical 58	Research 57	AI 50
South Korea	Access 66	Control 55	Privacy 65	Journey 62	Commercial 55	Clinical 58	Research 50	AI 66
Bulgaria	Access 62	Control 62	Privacy 55	Journey 70	Commercial 50	Clinical 62	Research 44	AI 50
Luxembourg	Access 64	Control 70	Privacy 54	Journey 54	Commercial 54	Clinical 56	Research 46	AI 50
Malta	Access 72	Control 50	Privacy 62	Journey 60	Commercial 58	Clinical 56	Research 48	AI 50
Poland	Access 70	Control 55	Privacy 46	Journey 70	Commercial 54	Clinical 60	Research 46	AI 54
United Kingdom	Access 66	Control 52	Privacy 56	Journey 62	Commercial 60	Clinical 60	Research 64	AI 55
Uruguay	Access 65	Control 66	Privacy 57	Journey 60	Commercial 52	Clinical 58	Research 49	AI 30
Slovakia	Access 62	Control 50	Privacy 58	Journey 66	Commercial 58	Clinical 60	Research 45	AI 50
Andorra	Access 62	Control 55	Privacy 54	Journey 66	Commercial 56	Clinical 64	Research 50	AI 30
Armenia	Access 62	Control 70	Privacy 50	Journey 62	Commercial 50	Clinical 48	Research 46	AI 40
Czechia	Access 60	Control 64	Privacy 56	Journey 55	Commercial 60	Clinical 52	Research 45	AI 50
Greece	Access 66	Control 46	Privacy 56	Journey 62	Commercial 62	Clinical 58	Research 44	AI 54
Japan	Access 62	Control 62	Privacy 58	Journey 48	Commercial 50	Clinical 52	Research 50	AI 60
Romania	Access 60	Control 62	Privacy 50	Journey 60	Commercial 56	Clinical 50	Research 44	AI 50
Cyprus	Access 64	Control 46	Privacy 58	Journey 58	Commercial 54	Clinical 55	Research 45	AI 50
San Marino	Access 70	Control 55	Privacy 52	Journey 56	Commercial 50	Clinical 48	Research 46	AI 40
Serbia	Access 62	Control 60	Privacy 46	Journey 64	Commercial 46	Clinical 55	Research 46	AI 40
United Arab Emirates	Access 35	Control 48	Privacy 50	Journey 80	Commercial 56	Clinical 76	Research 46	AI 64
Costa Rica	Access 64	Control 48	Privacy 40	Journey 68	Commercial 52	Clinical 65	Research 45	AI 30
Switzerland	Access 55	Control 60	Privacy 60	Journey 40	Commercial 58	Clinical 38	Research 66	AI 56
Saudi Arabia	Access 64	Control 32	Privacy 50	Journey 70	Commercial 54	Clinical 54	Research 46	AI 58
Brazil	Access 62	Control 35	Privacy 58	Journey 55	Commercial 55	Clinical 50	Research 50	AI 57
Canada	Access 50	Control 55	Privacy 58	Journey 50	Commercial 45	Clinical 55	Research 49	AI 56
Thailand	Access 50	Control 50	Privacy 55	Journey 57	Commercial 45	Clinical 50	Research 50	AI 55
Georgia	Access 55	Control 60	Privacy 45	Journey 52	Commercial 45	Clinical 52	Research 46	AI 35
Mongolia	Access 60	Control 47	Privacy 48	Journey 54	Commercial 45	Clinical 47	Research 50	AI 30
Qatar	Access 60	Control 30	Privacy 54	Journey 57	Commercial 52	Clinical 54	Research 50	AI 40
Kenya	Access 55	Control 44	Privacy 55	Journey 45	Commercial 52	Clinical 42	Research 50	AI 48
Ukraine	Access 46	Control 50	Privacy 42	Journey 62	Commercial 40	Clinical 58	Research 44	AI 40
Argentina	Access 60	Control 48	Privacy 42	Journey 45	Commercial 45	Clinical 42	Research 49	AI 40
Azerbaijan	Access 60	Control 40	Privacy 40	Journey 60	Commercial 40	Clinical 50	Research 46	AI 30
Kazakhstan	Access 60	Control 46	Privacy 38	Journey 50	Commercial 40	Clinical 48	Research 49	AI 48
New Zealand	Access 55	Control 47	Privacy 50	Journey 40	Commercial 52	Clinical 40	Research 50	AI 40
United States	Access 50	Control 35	Privacy 50	Journey 60	Commercial 38	Clinical 55	Research 49	AI 56
Bahrain	Access 50	Control 30	Privacy 56	Journey 50	Commercial 50	Clinical 52	Research 50	AI 50
El Salvador	Access 50	Control 45	Privacy 42	Journey 52	Commercial 48	Clinical 55	Research 46	AI 35
Greenland	Access 30	Control 44	Privacy 50	Journey 64	Commercial 55	Clinical 66	Research 49	AI 20
Indonesia	Access 55	Control 42	Privacy 38	Journey 57	Commercial 42	Clinical 40	Research 49	AI 56
Ireland	Access 55	Control 30	Privacy 56	Journey 38	Commercial 58	Clinical 36	Research 70	AI 50
Kyrgyzstan	Access 60	Control 35	Privacy 42	Journey 55	Commercial 45	Clinical 40	Research 49	AI 55
Vietnam	Access 60	Control 30	Privacy 42	Journey 55	Commercial 55	Clinical 44	Research 50	AI 50
Belarus	Access 50	Control 45	Privacy 35	Journey 55	Commercial 45	Clinical 50	Research 49	AI 40
Oman	Access 45	Control 30	Privacy 50	Journey 58	Commercial 50	Clinical 56	Research 46	AI 42
Tonga	Access 45	Control 42	Privacy 45	Journey 58	Commercial 40	Clinical 60	Research 46	AI 20
Uzbekistan	Access 60	Control 30	Privacy 38	Journey 55	Commercial 40	Clinical 52	Research 46	AI 45
India	Access 55	Control 50	Privacy 35	Journey 45	Commercial 35	Clinical 35	Research 46	AI 55
Kuwait	Access 60	Control 30	Privacy 42	Journey 50	Commercial 42	Clinical 45	Research 50	AI 42
North Macedonia	Access 60	Control 28	Privacy 42	Journey 52	Commercial 48	Clinical 50	Research 46	AI 30
Peru	Access 45	Control 44	Privacy 50	Journey 35	Commercial 55	Clinical 34	Research 49	AI 56
Russia	Access 60	Control 30	Privacy 34	Journey 55	Commercial 40	Clinical 45	Research 42	AI 55
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Access 50	Control 32	Privacy 52	Journey 45	Commercial 50	Clinical 42	Research 49	AI 30
Montenegro	Access 60	Control 28	Privacy 40	Journey 50	Commercial 40	Clinical 42	Research 49	AI 50
Panama	Access 50	Control 32	Privacy 48	Journey 45	Commercial 52	Clinical 45	Research 49	AI 35
Rwanda	Access 50	Control 30	Privacy 52	Journey 46	Commercial 50	Clinical 34	Research 50	AI 55
Brunei	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 40	Journey 65	Commercial 40	Clinical 62	Research 46	AI 30
China	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 45	Journey 60	Commercial 38	Clinical 50	Research 49	AI 62
Colombia	Access 45	Control 27	Privacy 50	Journey 50	Commercial 50	Clinical 50	Research 45	AI 35
Ecuador	Access 50	Control 30	Privacy 45	Journey 40	Commercial 52	Clinical 40	Research 49	AI 45
Eswatini	Access 40	Control 35	Privacy 55	Journey 50	Commercial 42	Clinical 45	Research 46	AI 25
Malaysia	Access 40	Control 45	Privacy 48	Journey 38	Commercial 50	Clinical 32	Research 46	AI 45
Monaco	Access 50	Control 35	Privacy 58	Journey 32	Commercial 52	Clinical 35	Research 46	AI 38
Seychelles	Access 40	Control 42	Privacy 45	Journey 52	Commercial 40	Clinical 50	Research 46	AI 20
South Africa	Access 40	Control 42	Privacy 60	Journey 33	Commercial 50	Clinical 32	Research 50	AI 48
Mexico	Access 55	Control 35	Privacy 40	Journey 38	Commercial 45	Clinical 35	Research 50	AI 38
Nauru	Access 28	Control 35	Privacy 38	Journey 65	Commercial 40	Clinical 68	Research 50	AI 20
Albania	Access 50	Control 30	Privacy 55	Journey 34	Commercial 50	Clinical 30	Research 43	AI 30
Jordan	Access 50	Control 28	Privacy 45	Journey 45	Commercial 40	Clinical 45	Research 43	AI 30
Mauritius	Access 50	Control 32	Privacy 55	Journey 30	Commercial 45	Clinical 30	Research 49	AI 28
Moldova	Access 40	Control 32	Privacy 48	Journey 45	Commercial 45	Clinical 35	Research 46	AI 40
Tanzania	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 48	Journey 48	Commercial 45	Clinical 40	Research 46	AI 58
Zambia	Access 45	Control 30	Privacy 48	Journey 45	Commercial 45	Clinical 40	Research 50	AI 30
Bhutan	Access 33	Control 30	Privacy 38	Journey 58	Commercial 38	Clinical 50	Research 49	AI 40
Malawi	Access 50	Control 30	Privacy 50	Journey 40	Commercial 42	Clinical 30	Research 49	AI 25
Bahamas	Access 45	Control 35	Privacy 45	Journey 35	Commercial 40	Clinical 30	Research 46	AI 25
Botswana	Access 45	Control 30	Privacy 58	Journey 28	Commercial 48	Clinical 22	Research 49	AI 40
Chile	Access 45	Control 35	Privacy 40	Journey 38	Commercial 42	Clinical 35	Research 50	AI 30
Philippines	Access 40	Control 40	Privacy 45	Journey 32	Commercial 45	Clinical 27	Research 46	AI 42
Uganda	Access 45	Control 30	Privacy 48	Journey 35	Commercial 50	Clinical 25	Research 46	AI 25
Bangladesh	Access 35	Control 42	Privacy 42	Journey 33	Commercial 35	Clinical 28	Research 46	AI 50
Côte d'Ivoire	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 48	Journey 38	Commercial 45	Clinical 36	Research 49	AI 25
Ghana	Access 40	Control 30	Privacy 45	Journey 35	Commercial 48	Clinical 28	Research 49	AI 40
Maldives	Access 45	Control 30	Privacy 40	Journey 40	Commercial 38	Clinical 28	Research 50	AI 28
Zimbabwe	Access 40	Control 32	Privacy 48	Journey 32	Commercial 45	Clinical 28	Research 50	AI 28
Barbados	Access 45	Control 30	Privacy 44	Journey 35	Commercial 40	Clinical 30	Research 43	AI 28
Benin	Access 45	Control 30	Privacy 52	Journey 22	Commercial 45	Clinical 20	Research 50	AI 30
Ethiopia	Access 40	Control 28	Privacy 44	Journey 30	Commercial 50	Clinical 24	Research 49	AI 56
Jamaica	Access 40	Control 30	Privacy 48	Journey 30	Commercial 50	Clinical 30	Research 46	AI 25
Kosovo	Access 45	Control 30	Privacy 52	Journey 25	Commercial 46	Clinical 25	Research 46	AI 30
Tunisia	Access 40	Control 35	Privacy 45	Journey 30	Commercial 44	Clinical 28	Research 49	AI 27
Vatican City	Access 40	Control 30	Privacy 45	Journey 30	Commercial 45	Clinical 33	Research 40	AI 48
Cape Verde	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 50	Journey 32	Commercial 45	Clinical 28	Research 49	AI 28
Gabon	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 54	Journey 30	Commercial 46	Clinical 25	Research 50	AI 25
Mali	Access 45	Control 27	Privacy 48	Journey 27	Commercial 42	Clinical 22	Research 49	AI 22
Morocco	Access 40	Control 32	Privacy 45	Journey 30	Commercial 42	Clinical 26	Research 49	AI 28
The Gambia	Access 45	Control 30	Privacy 48	Journey 22	Commercial 48	Clinical 18	Research 46	AI 25
Algeria	Access 40	Control 25	Privacy 45	Journey 32	Commercial 40	Clinical 30	Research 46	AI 25
Angola	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 52	Journey 22	Commercial 50	Clinical 20	Research 50	AI 28
Burkina Faso	Access 35	Control 32	Privacy 48	Journey 25	Commercial 45	Clinical 20	Research 49	AI 30
Burundi	Access 40	Control 28	Privacy 45	Journey 30	Commercial 40	Clinical 22	Research 50	AI 20
Cuba	Access 45	Control 30	Privacy 33	Journey 25	Commercial 45	Clinical 25	Research 49	AI 40
Djibouti	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 45	Journey 30	Commercial 50	Clinical 22	Research 50	AI 22
Lesotho	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 45	Journey 30	Commercial 40	Clinical 30	Research 49	AI 28
Mauritania	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 52	Journey 25	Commercial 45	Clinical 20	Research 45	AI 25
Niger	Access 35	Control 32	Privacy 42	Journey 27	Commercial 45	Clinical 22	Research 60	AI 30
Nigeria	Access 40	Control 28	Privacy 45	Journey 28	Commercial 42	Clinical 22	Research 50	AI 38
Turkmenistan	Access 45	Control 30	Privacy 30	Journey 30	Commercial 40	Clinical 30	Research 46	AI 25
Belize	Access 25	Control 25	Privacy 30	Journey 55	Commercial 25	Clinical 55	Research 43	AI 20
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Access 40	Control 28	Privacy 45	Journey 28	Commercial 42	Clinical 20	Research 49	AI 22
Dominican Republic	Access 40	Control 30	Privacy 35	Journey 30	Commercial 42	Clinical 28	Research 49	AI 25
Guinea	Access 40	Control 28	Privacy 45	Journey 25	Commercial 40	Clinical 22	Research 49	AI 28
Lebanon	Access 40	Control 40	Privacy 32	Journey 25	Commercial 35	Clinical 25	Research 49	AI 20
Madagascar	Access 40	Control 28	Privacy 48	Journey 22	Commercial 42	Clinical 18	Research 49	AI 22
Senegal	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 45	Journey 28	Commercial 42	Clinical 22	Research 49	AI 30
Somalia	Access 40	Control 28	Privacy 45	Journey 30	Commercial 35	Clinical 24	Research 46	AI 22
Togo	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 45	Journey 25	Commercial 45	Clinical 20	Research 50	AI 20
Vanuatu	Access 45	Control 32	Privacy 45	Journey 22	Commercial 35	Clinical 18	Research 46	AI 22
Antigua and Barbuda	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 42	Journey 28	Commercial 42	Clinical 25	Research 43	AI 20
Central African Republic	Access 40	Control 28	Privacy 45	Journey 20	Commercial 42	Clinical 15	Research 49	AI 20
Chad	Access 40	Control 28	Privacy 45	Journey 22	Commercial 40	Clinical 17	Research 49	AI 22
Egypt	Access 30	Control 25	Privacy 36	Journey 35	Commercial 40	Clinical 30	Research 50	AI 40
Mozambique	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 38	Journey 30	Commercial 35	Clinical 25	Research 46	AI 38
Palau	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 32	Journey 38	Commercial 18	Clinical 40	Research 49	AI 20
Paraguay	Access 33	Control 27	Privacy 35	Journey 40	Commercial 30	Clinical 33	Research 46	AI 30
Republic of the Congo	Access 35	Control 30	Privacy 48	Journey 22	Commercial 45	Clinical 20	Research 46	AI 20
Suriname	Access 40	Control 35	Privacy 30	Journey 30	Commercial 30	Clinical 25	Research 46	AI 20
Comoros	Access 35	Control 28	Privacy 45	Journey 25	Commercial 40	Clinical 15	Research 49	AI 20
Equatorial Guinea	Access 40	Control 28	Privacy 45	Journey 18	Commercial 40	Clinical 15	Research 49	AI 18
Guatemala	Access 40	Control 28	Privacy 30	Journey 30	Commercial 35	Clinical 28	Research 46	AI 22
Nicaragua	Access 35	Control 25	Privacy 25	Journey 34	Commercial 35	Clinical 30	Research 46	AI 40
Saint Lucia	Access 25	Control 30	Privacy 38	Journey 35	Commercial 35	Clinical 32	Research 46	AI 20
Sao Tome and Principe	Access 35	Control 28	Privacy 45	Journey 22	Commercial 43	Clinical 17	Research 45	AI 18
Sri Lanka	Access 30	Control 25	Privacy 35	Journey 35	Commercial 35	Clinical 30	Research 43	AI 30
Tajikistan	Access 40	Control 28	Privacy 30	Journey 30	Commercial 35	Clinical 25	Research 46	AI 28
Cameroon	Access 30	Control 28	Privacy 40	Journey 25	Commercial 42	Clinical 22	Research 50	AI 22
Nepal	Access 28	Control 30	Privacy 35	Journey 28	Commercial 38	Clinical 25	Research 50	AI 25
Syria	Access 35	Control 25	Privacy 36	Journey 20	Commercial 42	Clinical 18	Research 45	AI 42
Honduras	Access 40	Control 30	Privacy 28	Journey 25	Commercial 25	Clinical 20	Research 43	AI 30
Iran	Access 40	Control 22	Privacy 15	Journey 40	Commercial 30	Clinical 30	Research 45	AI 30
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Access 30	Control 30	Privacy 32	Journey 32	Commercial 28	Clinical 25	Research 43	AI 20
Samoa	Access 25	Control 25	Privacy 25	Journey 45	Commercial 20	Clinical 48	Research 43	AI 18
Bolivia	Access 40	Control 28	Privacy 25	Journey 25	Commercial 25	Clinical 22	Research 43	AI 20
Fiji	Access 35	Control 28	Privacy 30	Journey 30	Commercial 20	Clinical 25	Research 43	AI 18
Guyana	Access 30	Control 25	Privacy 30	Journey 35	Commercial 25	Clinical 30	Research 43	AI 20
Kiribati	Access 30	Control 28	Privacy 32	Journey 28	Commercial 25	Clinical 27	Research 43	AI 20
Laos	Access 25	Control 28	Privacy 35	Journey 26	Commercial 35	Clinical 20	Research 45	AI 35
Trinidad and Tobago	Access 35	Control 25	Privacy 28	Journey 30	Commercial 28	Clinical 25	Research 43	AI 22
Palestine	Access 25	Control 25	Privacy 28	Journey 30	Commercial 30	Clinical 28	Research 49	AI 20
Timor-Leste	Access 30	Control 28	Privacy 30	Journey 28	Commercial 22	Clinical 20	Research 45	AI 20
Venezuela	Access 35	Control 22	Privacy 25	Journey 25	Commercial 30	Clinical 22	Research 46	AI 35
Iraq	Access 30	Control 25	Privacy 25	Journey 25	Commercial 25	Clinical 28	Research 45	AI 20
Sierra Leone	Access 32	Control 25	Privacy 28	Journey 24	Commercial 22	Clinical 17	Research 46	AI 22
Grenada	Access 25	Control 25	Privacy 30	Journey 25	Commercial 25	Clinical 20	Research 43	AI 20
Liberia	Access 28	Control 25	Privacy 32	Journey 22	Commercial 25	Clinical 15	Research 46	AI 25
Namibia	Access 28	Control 25	Privacy 28	Journey 25	Commercial 18	Clinical 22	Research 43	AI 20
Pakistan	Access 25	Control 25	Privacy 28	Journey 24	Commercial 27	Clinical 20	Research 45	AI 22
Papua New Guinea	Access 30	Control 28	Privacy 30	Journey 20	Commercial 20	Clinical 15	Research 43	AI 20
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Access 25	Control 25	Privacy 25	Journey 30	Commercial 20	Clinical 28	Research 43	AI 20
Cambodia	Access 25	Control 25	Privacy 30	Journey 22	Commercial 25	Clinical 20	Research 45	AI 18
Micronesia	Access 20	Control 22	Privacy 22	Journey 34	Commercial 15	Clinical 34	Research 49	AI 20
Solomon Islands	Access 30	Control 25	Privacy 25	Journey 20	Commercial 20	Clinical 20	Research 43	AI 18
South Sudan	Access 34	Control 24	Privacy 22	Journey 20	Commercial 20	Clinical 18	Research 43	AI 20
Dominica	Access 20	Control 25	Privacy 25	Journey 25	Commercial 20	Clinical 20	Research 43	AI 20
Haiti	Access 20	Control 22	Privacy 24	Journey 28	Commercial 22	Clinical 22	Research 46	AI 18
Libya	Access 20	Control 22	Privacy 25	Journey 18	Commercial 25	Clinical 17	Research 46	AI 25
Marshall Islands	Access 20	Control 25	Privacy 30	Journey 20	Commercial 15	Clinical 18	Research 46	AI 18
Tuvalu	Access 20	Control 25	Privacy 22	Journey 24	Commercial 15	Clinical 25	Research 43	AI 25
Yemen	Access 25	Control 25	Privacy 22	Journey 20	Commercial 22	Clinical 15	Research 46	AI 18
Eritrea	Access 18	Control 22	Privacy 25	Journey 20	Commercial 25	Clinical 15	Research 43	AI 18
Myanmar	Access 18	Control 24	Privacy 22	Journey 20	Commercial 28	Clinical 15	Research 43	AI 25
Sudan	Access 22	Control 22	Privacy 20	Journey 18	Commercial 20	Clinical 15	Research 46	AI 25
Guinea-Bissau	Access 20	Control 20	Privacy 22	Journey 20	Commercial 20	Clinical 15	Research 43	AI 15
Afghanistan	Access 20	Control 20	Privacy 20	Journey 18	Commercial 22	Clinical 15	Research 30	AI 15
North Korea	Access 15	Control 20	Privacy 15	Journey 20	Commercial 20	Clinical 15	Research 40	AI 18

Context, not scored

In 41 of the 51 countries we could check, the public health record does not fully reach private care.

Some health systems are short of doctors and nurses and slow to treat. People who can pay go private, and if private clinics keep their own records, the person's record splits in two. This table shows four public measures of that chain for each country. It changes no score and it is not a ranking. Chile shows all four signs of strain. Mexico and South Africa show three of the four; no wait figure is published for either, so the fourth is unknown. Waits are reported for only 19 of 198 countries. OECD ranks compare a country with the 38 members of the OECD (the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), mostly high-income countries.

Example country

Example: Canada

Doctors. 28.5 per 10,000 people (2024), 31st of 38 OECD countries; nurses and midwives 116 per 10,000. a sign of strain
Waits. A median 120 days from specialist to treatment for a hip replacement and 146 for a knee (2025); 58% and 63% waited more than 3 months. a sign of strain
Private money. Of health spending, voluntary insurance pays 12.7% (2nd of 35 OECD countries), out-of-pocket 15.2% (2023); 67% of people hold voluntary insurance (2025).
Record and private care: partial. "Diagnostic imaging reports from most private clinics will not be available in Health Gateway as they currently are not available to our provincial repository." British Columbia Ministry of Health, Digital Health Initiative: Health Gateway 'Diagnostic Imaging Reports' frequently asked questions.

Context, not scored. Canada's overall score stays 52. Open Canada

Bold with a square: a sign of strain. Doctors or nurses per 10,000 below the bottom quarter of OECD members (30.76 doctors, 62.16 nurses and midwives); private insurance plus out-of-pocket above the top quarter of OECD members (28.66% of health spending); a median wait over 90 days; a record that stops at the private door.

Show only the 38 OECD members

Country	192 of 198 report	192 of 198 report	183 of 198 report	19 of 198 report	51 of 198 known
Afghanistan	3.22023	5.52023	unknown	unknown	unknown
Albania	18.82020 old	58.22020 old	49.12023	unknown	unknown
Algeria	16.62022	25.12022	46.12023	unknown	unknown
Andorra	51.22024	49.52024	29.32023	unknown	unknown
Angola	2.02024	13.92024	38.42023	unknown	unknown
Antigua and Barbuda	43.22024	50.82024	41.02023	unknown	unknown
Argentina	50.92023	64.92023	38.22023	unknown	unknown
Armenia	33.62022	47.52022	82.92023	unknown	unknown
Australia	42.32023OECD 14/38	1442024OECD 5/38	25.82023OECD 15/35	2552024OECD 4/18	partial
Austria	56.72024OECD 3/38	1092023OECD 16/38	21.32023OECD 22/35	unknown	partial
Azerbaijan	31.92022	55.82022	66.92023	unknown	unknown
Bahamas	18.92017 old	42.22023	56.82023	unknown	unknown
Bahrain	7.42020 old	26.52020 old	40.82023	unknown	unknown
Bangladesh	7.22023	6.62023	79.52023	unknown	unknown
Barbados	24.02023	41.42023	57.02023	unknown	unknown
Belarus	48.02024	1082024	30.22023	unknown	unknown
Belgium	33.92023OECD 26/38	1232022OECD 12/38	26.32023OECD 13/35	unknown	unknown
Belize	13.42021	20.62023	33.32023	unknown	unknown
Benin	2.12024	6.12024	45.42023	unknown	unknown
Bhutan	5.52022	20.52022	25.62023	unknown	unknown
Bolivia	12.82021	16.22021	30.52023	unknown	unknown
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25.82019 old	67.32022	31.52023	unknown	unknown
Botswana	4.32024	30.22024	18.02023	unknown	unknown
Brazil	25.02024	58.32024	54.22023	unknown	partial
Brunei	21.82024	65.02024	7.52023	unknown	unknown
Bulgaria	43.92023	46.82023	36.32023	unknown	connected
Burkina Faso	1.12024	8.22024	45.52023	unknown	unknown
Burundi	0.82024	7.92023	26.72023	unknown	unknown
Cambodia	2.12019 old	10.12019 old	61.72023	unknown	unknown
Cameroon	0.92024	6.62022	70.42023	unknown	unknown
Canada	28.52024OECD 31/38	1162024OECD 14/38	27.92023OECD 11/35	1462025OECD 12/18	partial
Cape Verde	7.32023	18.02023	28.32023	unknown	unknown
Central African Republic	1.02024	4.42024	45.52023	unknown	unknown
Chad	0.82024	3.62024	52.02023	unknown	unknown
Chile	34.92024OECD 25/38	47.22024OECD 32/38	40.52023OECD 2/35	9122025OECD 1/18	split
China	28.22023	39.62023	39.62023	unknown	partial
Colombia	25.42023OECD 37/38	15.72024OECD 38/38	23.32023OECD 18/35	unknown	partial
Comoros	4.22022	16.42022	59.22023	unknown	unknown
Costa Rica	26.92022OECD 33/38	30.72022OECD 36/38	28.62023OECD 10/35	5222025OECD 2/18	partial
Côte d'Ivoire	2.52024	9.92024	38.12023	unknown	unknown
Croatia	39.72023	80.52023	15.12023	unknown	partial
Cuba	85.02022	71.92022	16.62023	unknown	unknown
Cyprus	38.12023	39.82023	21.52023	unknown	partial
Czechia	42.42023OECD 13/38	94.22023OECD 21/38	14.72023OECD 30/35	unknown	partial
Democratic Republic of the Congo	2.12022	11.72022	41.22023	unknown	unknown
Denmark	45.32023OECD 10/38	1092023OECD 17/38	16.62023OECD 26/35	42.02025OECD 18/18	partial
Djibouti	2.12022	1.92022	29.52023	unknown	unknown
Dominica	11.62018 old	67.62018 old	30.12023	unknown	unknown
Dominican Republic	21.22024	17.62024	34.32023	unknown	unknown
Ecuador	23.12020 old	26.32020 old	35.22023	unknown	unknown
Egypt	11.82021	19.52021	60.92023	unknown	unknown
El Salvador	16.22023	21.82022	36.42023	unknown	unknown
Equatorial Guinea	1.52022	13.82022	66.42023	unknown	unknown
Eritrea	0.92023	15.22023	unknown	unknown	unknown
Estonia	34.92023OECD 24/38	70.42023OECD 26/38	23.02023OECD 19/35	4412020 oldOECD 3/18	partial
Eswatini	5.62023	42.62023	26.02023	unknown	unknown
Ethiopia	1.62024	10.82024	48.22023	unknown	unknown
Fiji	7.52023	21.32023	11.42023	unknown	unknown
Finland	28.82023OECD 30/38	1302023OECD 8/38	16.22023OECD 27/35	1932024OECD 8/18	partial
France	40.12023OECD 15/38	94.22021OECD 22/38	15.12023OECD 29/35	unknown	partial
Gabon	5.22022	23.72022	25.52023	unknown	unknown
Georgia	56.42023	56.92024	66.12023	unknown	unknown
Germany	45.92023OECD 7/38	1242023OECD 10/38	12.42023OECD 33/35	unknown	partial
Ghana	2.92024	41.72024	27.82023	unknown	unknown
Greece	67.12023OECD 1/38	41.32023OECD 34/38	38.62023OECD 5/35	unknown	partial
Greenland	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown
Grenada	13.82018 old	45.82023	52.12023	unknown	unknown
Guatemala	16.32024	22.72023	60.62023	unknown	unknown
Guinea	1.12024	2.02024	55.22023	unknown	unknown
Guinea-Bissau	2.52024	9.32024	61.62023	unknown	unknown
Guyana	12.52023	48.42024	27.62023	unknown	unknown
Haiti	2.92022	7.32022	59.12023	unknown	unknown
Honduras	19.02023	7.32023	58.02023	unknown	unknown
Hungary	35.92023OECD 22/38	57.22023OECD 31/38	24.92023OECD 17/35	2292025OECD 5/18	connected
Iceland	45.82024OECD 8/38	1612024OECD 2/38	unknown	unknown	partial
India	9.62024	27.12024	53.72023	unknown	partial
Indonesia	5.62024	33.02024	36.52023	unknown	partial
Iran	18.12023	28.82023	49.12023	unknown	unknown
Iraq	10.62023	25.72023	54.02010 old	unknown	unknown
Ireland	39.92024OECD 16/38	1542024OECD 4/38	21.92023OECD 21/35	unknown	partial
Israel	39.22024OECD 17/38	62.12024OECD 29/38	32.62023OECD 8/35	70.02024OECD 16/18	unknown
Italy	53.12023OECD 4/38	71.02023OECD 25/38	26.02023OECD 14/35	47.02025OECD 17/18	partial
Jamaica	10.22024	20.92024	33.12023	unknown	unknown
Japan	26.52022OECD 36/38	1242022OECD 9/38	14.32023OECD 31/35	unknown	unknown
Jordan	32.62024	33.42024	47.02023	unknown	unknown
Kazakhstan	30.62024	66.02024	28.82023	unknown	unknown
Kenya	2.62024	12.12024	34.12023	unknown	unknown
Kiribati	4.72023	39.02023	unknown	unknown	unknown
Kosovo	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown
Kuwait	29.72022	67.12022	11.42023	unknown	unknown
Kyrgyzstan	15.42024	40.32024	42.32023	unknown	unknown
Laos	3.82024	13.62024	44.82020 old	unknown	unknown
Latvia	33.52023OECD 28/38	43.62023OECD 33/38	40.42023OECD 3/35	unknown	connected
Lebanon	26.82020 old	19.22018 old	51.92023	unknown	unknown
Lesotho	1.82024	34.02024	unknown	unknown	unknown
Liberia	1.82022	8.32024	65.82023	unknown	unknown
Libya	20.42017 old	63.82017 old	unknown	unknown	unknown
Liechtenstein	unknown	unknown	30.22023	unknown	connected
Lithuania	46.52023OECD 6/38	77.92023OECD 24/38	32.62023OECD 7/35	unknown	connected
Luxembourg	29.82017 oldOECD 29/38	1372023OECD 6/38	12.12023OECD 34/35	unknown	connected
Madagascar	1.02024	2.72024	28.52023	unknown	unknown
Malawi	0.82024	5.82024	21.22023	unknown	unknown
Malaysia	22.72024	40.32024	48.42023	unknown	unknown
Maldives	23.02021	59.62021	19.62023	unknown	unknown
Mali	3.22024	3.52024	51.22023	unknown	unknown
Malta	47.22023	82.62023	34.02023	unknown	split
Marshall Islands	11.32021	48.12021	2.12023	unknown	unknown
Mauritania	2.62022	16.12022	45.22023	unknown	unknown
Mauritius	30.12023	35.02023	52.42023	unknown	unknown
Mexico	27.52023OECD 32/38	30.52023OECD 37/38	49.12023OECD 1/35	unknown	split
Micronesia	9.72020 old	22.22019 old	14.32023	unknown	unknown
Moldova	39.32023	63.22023	27.82023	unknown	unknown
Monaco	86.12020 old	2082014 old	14.32023	unknown	unknown
Mongolia	46.02024	47.02024	49.42023	unknown	unknown
Montenegro	27.92024	59.72024	27.42023	unknown	unknown
Morocco	7.92023	7.22024	38.32023	unknown	unknown
Mozambique	0.92024	7.62024	10.72023	unknown	unknown
Myanmar	7.62019 old	2.02022	71.22023	unknown	unknown
Namibia	5.62024	38.02024	44.12023	unknown	unknown
Nauru	12.72015 old	73.02018 old	0.72021	unknown	unknown
Nepal	10.92024	41.62024	60.62023	unknown	unknown
Netherlands	38.72023OECD 18/38	1122023OECD 15/38	16.12023OECD 28/35	78.12025OECD 15/18	unknown
New Zealand	37.72024OECD 19/38	1312024OECD 7/38	17.52023OECD 24/35	2132025OECD 7/18	partial
Nicaragua	9.12022	17.02022	38.62023	unknown	unknown
Niger	0.42023	4.22023	54.82023	unknown	unknown
Nigeria	4.12024	11.52024	72.82023	unknown	unknown
North Korea	31.02024	44.52024	unknown	unknown	unknown
North Macedonia	29.42022	55.12022	42.12023	unknown	unknown
Norway	49.82023OECD 5/38	1602023OECD 3/38	unknown	2222024OECD 6/18	partial
Oman	21.42024	45.92024	12.42023	unknown	unknown
Pakistan	12.82024	5.22024	54.02023	unknown	unknown
Palau	18.12023	66.12023	18.42023	unknown	unknown
Palestine	unknown	unknown	45.92023	unknown	unknown
Panama	16.32022	33.52022	47.32023	unknown	unknown
Papua New Guinea	0.52024	8.12024	unknown	unknown	unknown
Paraguay	38.92022	94.12022	44.52023	unknown	unknown
Peru	16.92023	27.42023	34.32023	52.02024	unknown
Philippines	8.72024	52.92024	56.52023	unknown	partial
Poland	36.52023OECD 21/38	63.12023OECD 27/38	20.62023OECD 23/35	1512025OECD 11/18	connected
Portugal	60.22023OECD 2/38	80.12023OECD 23/38	37.52023OECD 6/35	1652025OECD 9/18	partial
Qatar	31.42024	86.12024	15.82023	unknown	unknown
Republic of the Congo	5.02024	13.32024	31.92023	unknown	unknown
Romania	37.12023	83.32023	23.62023	unknown	partial
Russia	51.12022	70.42022	29.82023	unknown	split
Rwanda	1.82024	12.82024	13.42023	unknown	unknown
Saint Kitts and Nevis	30.92018 old	65.82023	45.72023	unknown	unknown
Saint Lucia	42.32020 old	53.42023	44.52023	unknown	unknown
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	19.02024	80.22023	29.42023	unknown	unknown
Samoa	5.62021	30.62020 old	13.72023	unknown	unknown
San Marino	44.02024	97.02024	unknown	unknown	unknown
Sao Tome and Principe	4.62022	21.62022	16.82023	unknown	unknown
Saudi Arabia	34.12023	65.62023	14.12023	unknown	unknown
Senegal	1.22024	4.32024	51.22023	unknown	unknown
Serbia	32.12023	70.22023	33.32023	unknown	unknown
Seychelles	16.32024	62.02024	28.82023	unknown	unknown
Sierra Leone	1.32022	11.62022	54.82023	unknown	unknown
Singapore	26.72023	70.92023	27.12023	unknown	partial
Slovakia	37.62023OECD 20/38	59.72023OECD 30/38	unknown	unknown	connected
Slovenia	35.12023OECD 23/38	1072023OECD 18/38	25.72023OECD 16/35	unknown	partial
Solomon Islands	2.92024	21.32024	3.32023	unknown	unknown
Somalia	0.72024	3.22024	31.52023	unknown	unknown
South Africa	7.72024	41.52024	52.02023	unknown	split
South Korea	26.62023OECD 34/38	98.02024OECD 19/38	40.02023OECD 4/35	unknown	partial
South Sudan	1.52024	7.12024	30.92023	unknown	unknown
Spain	44.32023OECD 12/38	62.22023OECD 28/38	26.42023OECD 12/35	1652025OECD 10/18	partial
Sri Lanka	11.42023	22.62023	56.82023	unknown	unknown
Sudan	2.52017 old	10.82018 old	59.92023	unknown	unknown
Suriname	13.12024	18.42024	24.52023	unknown	unknown
Sweden	44.72022OECD 11/38	1172022OECD 13/38	13.62023OECD 32/35	1012025OECD 14/18	partial
Switzerland	45.62023OECD 9/38	1922023OECD 1/38	28.72023OECD 9/35	unknown	partial
Syria	16.32022	14.32022	73.32023	unknown	unknown
Taiwan	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	partial
Tajikistan	18.72023	64.52023	62.42023	unknown	unknown
Tanzania	1.82024	2.62024	28.92023	unknown	unknown
Thailand	5.92023	35.72023	18.02023	unknown	unknown
The Gambia	0.92023	6.62023	35.02023	unknown	unknown
Timor-Leste	7.72023	15.22023	10.32017 old	unknown	unknown
Togo	0.62024	4.12024	68.52023	unknown	unknown
Tonga	10.12021	42.02021	7.02023	unknown	unknown
Trinidad and Tobago	41.62021	41.12023	51.62023	unknown	unknown
Tunisia	12.42023	19.22023	42.32023	unknown	unknown
Turkey	23.42023OECD 38/38	35.32023OECD 35/38	22.02023OECD 20/35	unknown	connected
Turkmenistan	19.02024	34.72024	82.62023	unknown	unknown
Tuvalu	17.72024	41.72024	0.02023	unknown	unknown
Uganda	2.12024	23.32024	34.12023	unknown	unknown
Ukraine	35.32023	60.82023	46.92021	unknown	partial
United Arab Emirates	29.92023	61.62023	13.12023	unknown	connected
United Kingdom	33.52023OECD 27/38	95.62023OECD 20/38	17.22023OECD 25/35	1332024OECD 13/18	partial
United States	26.52022OECD 35/38	1242024OECD 11/38	11.72023OECD 35/35	unknown	unknown
Uruguay	45.52023	76.32023	28.02023	unknown	unknown
Uzbekistan	23.22023	1072023	64.22023	unknown	unknown
Vanuatu	1.62019 old	14.62019 old	11.52023	unknown	unknown
Vatican City	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown
Venezuela	16.62017 old	20.02018 old	67.72023	unknown	unknown
Vietnam	11.12021	14.42017 old	44.72023	unknown	partial
Yemen	1.62022	5.42023	70.52023	unknown	unknown
Zambia	1.62024	16.72024	10.42023	unknown	unknown
Zimbabwe	1.92024	14.72024	18.12023	unknown	unknown

Cut-offs are set by the OECD members, a fixed reference group, so they do not move as countries are added. 138 of 154 countries outside the OECD fall below the workforce cut-off, against 16 of 38 members, so the flag says more within the OECD than outside it.
WHO counts voluntary insurance only. Compulsory private insurance (large in the United States, the Netherlands and Switzerland) is shown separately in each country panel.
Waits are reported by 19 countries, mostly those that run waiting lists. Unknown means not reported, not short.
Unknown is not no. Where our file is silent about private providers, the record column says unknown.

Context, not scored. Sources: WHO Global Health Observatory (health workforce), WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (final years to 2023), OECD Health Statistics; values 2010 to 2025, retrieved 2026-10-02. Record classes quote our own country files.

Method

How we scored 198 countries

Eight categories, one score

Each country gets 0 to 100 in eight categories. The overall score is the weighted average. Access and control carry the most weight.

Category	Weight	Median
Patient access to the full record	20%	43
Patient control and consent	20%	30
Privacy and security	15%	45
Connected care journey	15%	38
Protection from commercial use	10%	45
Clinician access at the point of care	10%	34
Research and trial consent	5%	46
Clinical AI governance	5%	30

Evidence grade (DTI)

Every score also carries a grade for the evidence behind it, using the eight dimensions of SuperTruth's Data Trust Index™: provenance (primary sources count most), open availability, recency, completeness, corroboration, verification, breadth of sources, and stability (whether our audit found the same legal situation scored differently elsewhere). DTI was built to grade health records; here it grades our evidence. It never changes a score. Tiers: Platinum 90 and up, Gold 80 to 89, Silver 70 to 79, Bronze 55 to 69. Our own rule on top of DTI: evidence with no primary source (law, government, regulator) is never labelled above Silver, and neither is a country where fewer than 4 of its 8 categories cite one.

Terms used

OECD: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: 38 mostly high-income countries that publish comparable health statistics.
WHO: The World Health Organization, the United Nations agency for health. It publishes country data on health workers and spending.
EHDS: The European Health Data Space: an EU law (Regulation 2025/327) that gives people in the EU access to their health data across borders. It applies from March 2027, with patient summaries and e-prescriptions from March 2029.
GDPR: The General Data Protection Regulation: the EU law on personal data. Health data is a special category, and people have a right to a copy of their data.
HIPAA: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act: the US law that gives patients a right to copies of their records and limits how providers and insurers use them.
DTI: Data Trust Index: SuperTruth's framework for grading how trustworthy data is. Here it grades the evidence behind each score; it never changes a score.

What the bands mean

Leading	85-100	the right exists in law and works in practice at national scale, with controls the patient can see
Strong	65-84	the right exists and mostly works; notable gaps in coverage, use or exceptions
Mixed	45-64	partial rights or partial infrastructure; works for some people in some settings
Weak	25-44	rights mostly on paper or fragmented; the patient depends on institutions
Poor	0-24	no meaningful right or infrastructure, or active misuse

Who holds the keys

Individual 0. The person holds the keys.
Shared 51. The person has real controls inside a state or provider system.
Institutional 81. Providers and insurers decide.
State 66. The government decides, with limited individual say.

Known limits

Scores come from separate research passes against one rubric. An audit found that the passes sometimes scored the same legal situation differently in different regions. Those scores are under review.
No country is rated low confidence.
Some laws are cited from secondary summaries rather than official text.
Differences under 5 points are within the precision of the rating.
8 shapes on the map are not rated in this version.
This is a research tool, not legal advice.

Download the data, and cite it

Every score, category, source and law is open under CC BY 4.0. Use it, with credit.

Scores (CSV)Sources (CSV)Everything (JSON)Press kit

Cite this

Snyder, J. A., Hill, B., & Raney, D. (2026). The Health Record Rights Index: who holds the record? (version 1.0). SuperTruth Inc. https://healthrecordrights.com/ (DOI assigned on publication)

About the stories

Everything in this index comes from public information: laws, government and regulator pages, court decisions and published news reports. We link to every source.

These are published accounts from people and public bodies about problems with health records, pinned to the country where they happened. The summaries are ours; follow each link to read the original. We do not name the people, we include no one under 18, and we name a hospital or company only where a regulator, court or the organisation itself has stated what happened. Stories do not affect any country's score.

We searched news, regulator and ombudsman decisions, court rulings, parliamentary records and patient groups, in English and local languages. We did not use social media or forums. These are the accounts we could find and publish under these rules. They are not a sample.

SuperTruth sells health data verification products. We built this index and chose these stories ourselves; no one paid to be included or left out.

If you are in a story and want it removed, write to privacy@supertruth.ai and we will take it down within 48 hours. Anyone else can ask for a correction or removal at the same address; we reply within 3 business days and decide within 7.